Henry married Mary de Bohun in 1380. They had two daughters and four sons, one of whom succeeded his father, becomming king Henry V (-1422). Their daughter Philippa married Eric of Pomerania, king of Denmark, Norway and Sweden in 1406. Mary died in 1394.
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In 1403, King Henry married Joanna of Navarre, the daughter of Charles d'Albret, King of Navarre. The widow of John IV of Brittany with whom she had four daughters and four sons, she had no children by Henry.
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After supporting his cousin, Richard II (1377-1399), Henry, Duke of Lancaster, was exiled and disinherited in 1398. He returned to England on September 30th of the following year to depose Richard and claim the throne of England for himself as king Henry IV.
Henry's reign was marked by widespread rebellion, including the revolt of Owen Glendower who declared himself Prince of Wales in
1400 and the rebellion of Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland.
Henry's success in putting down the rebellions was due in part to the military skill of his eldest son,
later to become King Henry V.
The future James I of Scotland was captured en-route to France by English soldiers in 1406. He remained an English captive until Henry's death in 1413.
The later years of Henry's reign were marked by serious illness. Not only was the king afflicted with some manner of disfiguring skin disease, but suffered repeated acute attacks of a grave illness in June 1405, April 1406, June 1408, during the winter of 1408-9 and December 1412. The last bought of this mysterious illness killed him on March 20th, 1413. He died in the Jerusalem Chamber in the house of the Abbot of Westminster and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral.
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There has been much protracted debate amongst medical historians as to Henry's ailment(s). The king's skin disease may have been leprosy (in medieval times, a term used more widely than in its modern, more specific sense), psoriasis, or possibly a manifestation of syphilis. The acute attacks have attracted a wide range of explanations, from epilepsy to some form of cardiovascular disease.
When Henry's body was exhumed some centuries after its byrial, it was found to have been well embalmed.
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| Henry's Claim to the Throne |
Henry erroneously claimed the throne "by right blood coming from King Henry III", asserting that Edmund Crouchback, founder of the House of Lancaster was the elder son of Henry III (1216-1272) and through "through the right that God of His Grace hath sent me with the help of my kin and my friends to recover it" - by right of conquest.
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Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March and the great-great-grandson of king Edward III (1327-1377) was by hereditary right the true heir to the throne.
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He owed the crown to his confirmation as king by parliament and his poverty allowed parliament to attain unprecedented power which was not seen agan until the reign of the House of Stuart in the seventeenth century.
He had the support of the Lords Appellant and their supporters and that of the Church because of his opposition to the Lollards.
Having himself won the Crown by conquest, Henry's reign was troubled by barons who, if they had no designs on the throne themselves, took the view that the usurper could be usurped to their favour.
While Richard II remained alive, he was a constant source of danger to Henry as a rallying point for the disaffected. Foremost among those who opposed the new king were Richard's half-brother John Holland, earl of Huntingdon (formerly the Duke of Exeter) and John's nephew, Thomas Holland, the Earl of Kent (formerly the Duke of Surrey).
A party of the barons supported the stronger hereditary claim to the throne of the Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, while the Percies (Northumberland, Hotspur and Worcester), who had ensured Henry's succession and lent him money, were dissatisfied with their rewards and turbulent.
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The barons had been divided since the execution of Edward II's (1307-1327) favourite, Piers de Gaveston. The schism continued through the reigns of Richard II (1377-1399) and Henry IV, culminating in the long struggle for power between the Houses of Lancaster and York later known as the Wars of the Roses.
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Albany, Regent of Scotland was hostile to Henry and inclined to ally with France whose Charles VI seemed willing to support the cause of Richard II, his son-in-law.
In Wales, Henry confiscated or alienated the lands of Owen Glendower who had quarrelled with Lord Grey of Ruthin. Glendower, a soldier trained in the suite of Arundel, became a rebel but the personal issues soon escalated into a national rising by the Welsh.
| 1367.Apr.03 | | Birth of Henry Bolingbroke, future Duke of Lancaster and King Henry IV to John of Gaunt (1340-1399) and Blanche at Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire
]]May 30th[[ | | BAAAGDJC | | 1380 | | Henry, Duke of Lancaster marries Mary de Bohun | | | | 1387 | | Birth of prince Henry, later king Henry V of England, to Henry IV by Mary de Bohun | | BAAAGEEY | | 1387 | | Battle of Radcot Bridge: Supporters of Richard II defeated by Henry Bolingbroke | | BAAAGBXD BAAAGEFP BAAAGEFQ | | 1394 | | Death of Mary de Bohun, first wife of Henry Bolingbroke, duke of Lancaster | | | | 1398 | | Exile and disinheritance of Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster
Henry\\\'s son, the future king Henry V, taken into the charge of king Richard II who treated him kindly
Following the famous quarrel between the Dukes of Hereford and Norfolk, both were banished by the king | | BAAAGBXD BAAAGEEY | | 1399 | | Death of the English nobleman and statesman John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (1340-)
Richard II seized the Lancastrians lands which were the inheritance of the exiled Hereford | | BAAAGDJC BAAAGBXD BAAAGBRH | | 1399 | | Richard II created Ralph Neville the 1st earl of Westmorland
This caused Neville\'s enemy Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland to switch his allegiance to the exiled Henry Bolingbroke | | BAAAGBXD BAAAGEEW | | 1399 | | Richard II goes to Ireland to quell warring chieftains - allowing Henry Bolingboke to invade northern England | | BAAAGBXD | | 1399.Aug.20 | | Richard II captured on his retunr from Ireland and imprisoned at Flint
Richard was sent to the Tower of London, then Pomfret (Pontefract) Castle, where he is said to have been murdered but nothing is certainly known of his end, and there are strong grounds for believing that he escaped to Scotland where he lived until 1417 or 1419.
| | BAAAGBXD BAAAGDKN BAAAGEKC BAAAGEGA | | 1399.Sep.30 | | The exiled Henry Bolingbroke, duke of Lancaster, returns to England to recover the Lancastrian estates seized by the king but deposes
Richard II with the support of the Percies and other nobles | | BAAAGBXD BAAAGEEW BAAAGEEX | | 1399.Sep.30+ | | Deposition of Richard II, last Plantagenet king of England, by
Henry, Duke of Lancaster who ruled as Henry IV (-1413)
The imprisoned Richard was murdered, the first casualty of the Wars of the Roses | | BAAAGBXD BAAAGCCV BAAAGDJC BAAAGEEW BAAAGEEX BAAAGEEY BAAAGDKP BAAAGEGA | | 1399.Oct.13 | | Coronation of Henry IV at Westminster Abbey
The ceremony notable as first time since the Norman conquest (1066) that the English monarch made an address in English. | | BAAAGCJA BAAAGEFJ BAAAGEFR | | 1399.Oct.13+ | | Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland appointed Constable of England and given the Lordship of the Isle of Man | | BAAAGEEW BAAAGBXO | | 1400 | | Owen Glendower revolts against Henry IV, declaring himself Prince of Wales | | BAAAGBKA BAAAGEEX BAAAGEHI | | 1400 | | English administration of Wales conducted in the name of Henry, Prince of Walesfrom this year | | BAAAGEEY BAAAGEHI | | 1400 | | Henry IV executes the Earls of Kent, Huntingdon and Salisbury for their attempt restore Richard II as king
| | BAAAGBXD | | 1400 | | Henry IV quells a rebellion by the barons | | BAAAGBTK | | 1400.Feb.14 | | Murder of King Richard II | | BAAAGBXD BAAAGEGA | | 1401 | | Owen Glendower leads a Welsh revolt (-1415), ultimately unsuccessful, against English rule | | BAAAGBKA | | 1401 | | The Archbishop of Canterbury persuaded King Henry IV to outlaw the Lollards (a religious sect taught by John Wycliffe) as heretics, under the Act De Heretico Comburendo
After travelling to London, William Sawtre was executed by burning for preaching his Lollard beliefs | | BAAAGCBT BAAAGDKN | | 1402.Sep.14 | | Battle of Homildon Hill: the northern English nobles led by Sir Henry Hotspur Percy defeat a Scottish raiding army under the Earl of Douglas | | BAAAGEEX BAAAGEFP BAAAGEFQ | | 1403 | | Plymouth burnt by Breton (Spain) raiders | | BAAAGBAV BAAAGDZE | | 1403 | | Henry Beaufort made Chancellor | | BAAAGCCY BAAAGCCV | | 1403 | | Henry IV marries his second wife, Joanna of Navarre, the daughter of Charles d\'Albret, King of Navarre and the widow of John IV of Brittany | | | | 1403 | | Percy, earl of Northuberland switches allegiance to Edmund Mortimer (1391-1425), 5th Earl of March, and conspires with Owen Glendower | | BAAAGEEW BAAAGEEX | | 1403.Jul.21 | | The forces of Henry IV, led by his 16-year-old son Henry, defeated and killed Sir Henry Percy (Harry Hotspur) at Shrewsbury thus ending his rebellion
The prince is nearly killed by an arrow lodged in his face.
The Battle forms the climax of Shakespeare\'s play, Henry IV part 1 | | BAAAGBXA BAAAGEEW BAAAGEEX BAAAGEEY BAAAGEFP BAAAGEFQ | | 1403.Jul.21+ | | Northumberland stripped of the office of Constable of England but escapes conviction for treason | | BAAAGEEW BAAAGBZE | | 1404 | | Henry Beaufort made Bishop of Winchester | | BAAAGDIT BAAAGCCV BAAAGEIE | | 1404 | | Welsh rebel, Owain Glyndwr, gains control of his Wales, declaring himself Prince of Wales and holding a parliament | | BAAAGEHI | | 1405 | | French and Spanish make combined attack on Poole | | BAAAGBYS BAAAGBSX BAAAGBKY | | 1405 | | Northumberland involved in the rebellion of Richard le Scrope, archbishop of York, flees to Scotland and his estates are confiscated by Henry IV | | BAAAGEEW BAAAGEKC | | 1405.Jun | | King Henry IV suffers and acute attack of illness | | BAAAGEEY | | 1406 | | Philippa, daughter of Henry IV marries Eric of Pomerania, king of Denmark, Norway and Sweden | | | | 1406 | | The future James I of Scotland captured by English soldiers while en-route to France
He remained an English prisoner until Henry IV\'s death in
1413 | | BAAAGEKC | | 1406.Mar.01 | | Henry IV calls parliament to assemble | | BAAAGBXA BAAAGBXJ | | 1406.Apr | | King Henry IV suffers and acute attack of illness | | BAAAGEEY | | 1406.Dec.22 | | Henry IV dismissed parliament - the longest parliament to have sat in Mediaeval England | | BAAAGBXA BAAAGBXJ | | 1408 | | John, son of Dermott, (Ireland) has to produce 164 otter skins for King Henry IV in arrears of rent
Chanin(1985) | | BAAAGBQN | | 1408 | | Suppression of the Welsh rebellion of Owain Glyndwr (anglicised as Owen Glendower)
Deealing with the rebellion had been placed in the hands of Prince Henry | | BAAAGEEY | | 1408.Feb.20 | | Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland invades England and is killed at the Battle of Branham Moor
| | BAAAGEEW BAAAGEFP BAAAGEFQ | | 1408.Jun | | King Henry IV suffers and acute attack of illness | | BAAAGEEY | | 1408.Oct | | King Henry IV suffers and acute attack of illness through the winter | | BAAAGEEY | | 1410 | | John Badby burnt at the stake at Smithfield to becomming the first lay Englishman to be executed for heresy
Badby held Lollard views and was executed for his denial of transubstantiation | | BAAAGCBT | | 1410.Jan | | The Prince of Wales effectively controls the governemnt of England aided by his uncles Henry and Thomas Beaufort because of the king\'s ill-health | | BAAAGCCV BAAAGEEY BAAAGEHI | | 1411 | | Henry, Prince of Wales sends an expedition to France | | BAAAGEEY BAAAGEHI | | 1411.Nov | | Henry IV dismisses the Prince of Wales because of their defferences on foreign and domestic policy | | BAAAGEEY BAAAGEHI | | 1412.Dec | | King Henry IV suffers and acute attack of illness | | BAAAGEEY | | 1413.Mar.20 | | Death of
Henry IV, king of England, from an illness which had plagued him since 1405. He was succeeded by his 25-year-old son as King Henry V | | BAAAGBXA BAAAGCCV BAAAGEEY BAAAGDFZ |
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