The oldest surviving documentary records are commonly those dealing with financial transactions.
The evolution of money and the imposition of tax have developed together closely, particularly as
the 'barter' system which predominated at the height
of feudalism (whether the exchange of goods for other goods or even military
service due to the Crown by the knight or lord for his holding) became monetary transactions in
medieval England.
Pipe rolls originate from the twelfth century which saw major growth in English government when the exchequer was developed as the first central department of government. They are the documents kept by government or record accounts presented at the exchequer by the king's sheriffs (responsible for the collection of taxes) and other officials.
While some historians have suggested that the keeping of pipe rolls started in
1110, the earliest surviving example
is for the fiscal year Michealmas (September 29th) 1129 to
Michealmas 1130.
The pipe rolls, which are kept at the Public Records Office, form an almost unbroken series.
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