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Lippmann is the French physicist who invented his capillary electrometer in 1887. It could show tiny electrical currents such as that produced by the heart (the basis of the modern electro-cardiograph or ECG). It consisted of a glass U-tube filled with mercury, one side of which was drawn into a fine capillary and a small amount of conductiing solution such as salt solution or dilute sulfuric acid placed over the mercury. When a tiny electrical current was passed through the electrodes dipped into the mercury and the salt solution in the capillary, the surface tension of the mercury was changed, causing it to rise slightly in the capillary. Because the movement was so small, a beam of light was passed through the capillary and the amplified movement of the mercury's shadow observed on a wall or other suitable screen.

The electrical activity of the heart could only be demonstrated by dissecting an animal. By using two metal trays filled with conducting salt solution as electrodes, AD Waller experimented by dipping various parts of the body in the electrodes to see whether he could get a signal from the heart of a human being. Because the electrical impulse travels from the top of the heart to the bottom and it is inclined from right to left, AD Waller discovered that he could obtain the electrical signals from the heart by immersing the right hand or head of the subject and any other limb.

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